Method for transforming a gamut of a color image to produce an artistic effect

ABSTRACT

A graphical effect having a transformed gamut is disclosed. The method includes predetermining a mapping of an input gamut to a desired output gamut so as to produce a desired artistic effect; and utilising the mapping to map the input image to an output image having a predetermined output gamut; A post processing step of utilization of a brush stroke filter enhances the effect. The output gamut can be formed from mapping a predetermined number of input gamut values to corresponding output color gamut values and interpolating the remaining mapping of input gamut values to output colour gamut values. The interpolation process includes utilising a weighted sum of the mapping of a predetermined number of input gamut values to corresponding output colour gamut values.

FIELD OF THE INVENTION

The present invention relates to digital image processing and in particular discloses the production of artistic effects in images utilising restricted gamut spaces.

Further the present invention relates to the field of digital image processing and in particular discloses the production of useful artistic effects.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

Almost any artistic painting of a scene utilises a restricted gamut in that the artist is limited in the colours produced as a result of the choice of medium in rendering the image. This restriction is itself often exploited by the artist to produce various artistic effects. Classic examples of this process include the following well known artistic works:

Camille Pissaro “L'île Lacroix à Rouen, effect de brouillard” 1888. Museum of Art, Philadelphia

Charles Angrand “Le Seine à L'aube”—1889 collection du Petit Palais, Genéve

Henri van de Velde “Crépuscule”—1892. Rijksmuseum Kröller Müller, Otterlo

Georges Seurat. “La côte du Bas-Butin, Honfleur” 1886—Musée des Beaux—Arts, Tounai

It would be desirable to produce, from an arbitrary input image, an output image having similar effects or characteristics to those in the above list.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

The object of the present invention is to produce a graphical effect of an output image having a limited gamut in accordance with predetermined requirements.

In accordance with a first aspect of the present invention there is provided a method of automatically manipulating an input image to produce an artistic effect, the method comprising:

predetermining a mapping of an input gamut to a desired output gamut so as to produce a desired artistic effect, said desired output gamut being constructed from at least one sample image; and

utilising said mapping to map said input image to an output image having a predetermined output gamut.

Preferably, the method further comprises the step of post processing the output image utilising a brush stroke filter.

Further, preferably the desired output gamut is constructed by mapping a predetermined number of input gamut values obtained from said at least one sample image to output colour gamut values and mapping a remainder of input gamut values to output colour gamut values by interpolation. The interpolation process can include utilising a weighted sum of said mapping of a predetermined number of input gamut values to corresponding output colour gamut values.

Preferably also, the construction of said desired output gamut comprises scanning the sample image to build a histogram of colors. The construction of said desired output gamut may further comprise mapping to compensate for a scanning device color gamut. The construction of said desired output gamut may also further comprise mapping to compensate for a printing device color gamut.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

Notwithstanding any other forms which may fall within the scope of the present invention, preferred forms of the invention will now be described, by way of example only, with reference to the accompanying drawings in which:

FIG. 1 illustrates the steps in the method of the preferred embodiment in production of an artistic image;

FIG. 2 illustrates the process of mapping one gamut to a second gamut;

FIG. 3 illustrates one form of implementation of the preferred embodiment;

FIG. 4 illustrates the preferred form of gamut remapping;

FIG. 5 illustrates one form of gamut morphing as utilised in the preferred embodiment.

DESCRIPTION OF PREFERRED AND OTHER EMBODIMENTS

In the preferred embodiment, the colour gamut of an input image is “morphed” to the colour gamut of an output image wherein the output colour gamut can be arbitrarily determined by means of experimentation with different output colour gamuts. The preferred embodiment is ideally utilised as a pre-processing step to further artistic manipulation such as replacing the image with brush strokes of particular style wherein the brush stroke derive their colour from the image and the brush strokes having colours related to the target gamut.

The steps in producing a final output image are as illustrated 10 in FIG. 1. The first step 11 is the input of an arbitrary input image. The colour gamut of the input image is then “Morphed” or “Warped” 12 so as to produce an output image having a predetermined colour gamut range. The morphing process being further described hereinafter. Once the output colour gamut is produced, the next step is to apply a suitable brush stroking technique. The brush stroking technique being a post processing step able to be subjected to substantial variation, the actual form of brush stroking utilised not being essential to the present invention. The brush stroking technique is applied 13 so as to produce an output image 14 having a restricted coloured gamut interpretation of the input image.

Turning now to FIG. 2, there is provided an example of the gamut mapping or morphing problem. It is assumed that a single colour space is utilised defining the universe of possible colour values with the universal colour space 21 being utilised which is a L*a*b* colour space. Within this colour space, the input sensor is able to sense a certain range of colour values 22. It is further assumed that the output printing device is able to output colours of a particular range of printer gamut 23. The printer gamut may be smaller or larger than the input sensor colour gamut 22. An artistic gamut 24 is defined in accordance with a particular style. The artistic gamut 24 can be meticulously constructed through the utilisation of various techniques. For example, a sample image having a desirable artistic gamut can be scanned and a histogram of colours built up so as to include a certain range within the L*a*b* colour space. It would be understood by those skilled in the art of computer graphics that FIG. 2 can be interpreted as slices through a 3 dimensional L*a*b* colour space at predetermined intensity values or by means of 3 dimensional volumes within the colour space.

It is therefore necessary to map the colours within input sensor colour space 22 to the artistic gamut 24. Further, the artistic gamut 24 may unfortunately contain “out of gamut” colours for a particular output printer gamut 23. In such cases, it will be further necessary to map the artistic gamut 24 so that the output colours fall within the printer gamut 23.

Turning now to FIG. 3, preferred embodiments of the invention utilise a 3 dimensional look up table eg. 30 which maps L*a*b* values 31 to L*a*b* output values 32. Preferably, the 3 dimensional lookup table 30 is provided in a compact form with only certain points being defined for 3 dimensional mapping and tri-linear interpolation being utilised for the mapping of intermediate values between defined points.

Turning to FIG. 4, there is illustrated a more general example of the process of applying a gamut morphing from one substantially arbitrary input gamut space 40 to a second desired output gamut target space 41. Potentially, the gamut mapping process must deal properly with the points eg. 42 which lie within the input colour gamut space 40 but outside the output colour gamut space 41.

The 3D colour lookup table 30 has a size of (2^(n)+1)³, where n can range from 1 to the maximum colour component precision (i.e. typically 8 bits). An arbitrary warp function can be encoded in the lookup table, which gives a high degree of flexibility to the overall algorithm. The use of the table also results in the performance of the algorithm being independent of the encoded warp function which can be separately prepared. The algorithm has predictable performance for arbitrary warp functions and it does not require the warp function to be continuous, therefore resulting in the algorithm being robust for arbitrary warp functions. Hence, the per-pixel processing is fixed and reasonably simple, and is suitable for hardware implementation.

The lookup table consists of a 3D array of integer or real-valued output colour coordinates arranged in input coordinate order. It thus encodes a forward warp function. The image colour warp required is computed in output image order, one pixel at a time. The algorithm requires random access to the 3D colour lookup table, but since input colours vary smoothly in space, the random access is typically coherent. It requires sequential access to the input and output images.

The essential tri-linear warp algorithm is embodied in the following pseudo-C++ code:

for (int row=0; row<height; row++)

{

for (int col=0; row<width; col++)

{

outputImage[row][col]=Lookup(table, inputImage[row][col]);

}

}

Colour

Lookup(LookupTable& table, Colour& colour)

{

// compute indices

int fracPrecision=colourPrecision—log₂(table.nSamples);

int i=colour[0]>>fracPrecision;

int j=colour[1]>>fracPrecision;

int k=colour[2]>>fracPrecision;

// compute interpolation factors

int one=(1<<fracPrecision);

int mask=one−1;

double f=(double)(colour[0] & mask)/one;

double g=(double)(colour[1] & mask)/one;

double h=(double)(colour[2] & mask)/one;

// trilinearly interpolate

Colour c000=table[i+0][j+0][k+0];

Colour c001=table[i+0][j+0][k+1];

Colour c00=Interpolate(c000, c001, h);

Colour c010=table[i+0][j+1][k+0];

Colour c011=table[i+0][j+1][k+1];

Colour c01=Interpolate(c010, c011, h);

Colour c0=Interpolate(c00, c01, g);

Colour c100=table[i+1][j+0][k+0];

Colour c101=table[i+1][j+0][k+1];

Colour c10=Interpolate(c100, c101, h);

Colour c110=table[i+1][j+1][k+0];

Colour c111=table[i+1][j+1][k+1];

Colour c11=Interpolate(c110, c111, h);

Colour c1=Interpolate(c10, c11, g);

return Interpolate(c0, c1, f);

}

The gamut compression process seeks to map the colours in a source gamut to colours in a smaller target gamut in such a way that colour differences in the source gamut are retained and perceptible colour shifts are minimised. Efficient gamut compression can be carried out using the lookup-table-driven process previously described, since the computation of the gamut compression is decoupled from the colour warping.

The gamut compression algorithm involves the construction of a 3D lookup table and is embodied in the following pseudo-code described with reference to FIG. 4:

int fracPrecision=colourPrecision—log₂(nSamples);

for (int i=0; i<nSamples; i++)

{

for (int j=0; j<nSamples; j++)

{

for (int k=0; k<nSamples; k++)

{

1. for constructing the lookup table at the colour point at (i<<fracPrecision,j<<fracPrecision, k<<fracPrecision);

2. find nearest point 43 on the luminance axis of the Lab space within the target gamut 41 of FIG. 4;

3. construct a vector from the colour point 42 to a point on luminance axis 43;

4. compute the distance dp of the colour point 42 from the luminance axis 43;(i.e. the length of the vector);

5. compute the intersection 45 of the vector with source gamut polyhedron 40;

6. compute the intersection 46 of the vector with the target gamut polyhedron 41;

7. compute the distance dt from the luminance axis 43 to the target gamut boundary 46 along the vector;

8. compute the distance from the luminance axis 43 to the source gamut boundary 45 along the vector;

9. compute the compression factor as ratio of target distance dt 43-46 to the source distance ds 43-45;

10. compute the scale factor as the ratio of the colour point distance dp 43-42 to source distance ds 43-45;

11. scale the compression factor by the scale factor (so that in-gamut colours compress progressively less);

12. scale the colour point distance dp by the compression factor

13. compute the point on the vector which is the compressed distance from the luminance axis;

14. write this point to the lookup table at (i, j, k);

}

}

}

If either the source or target gamut is known only in palette form, then the gamut polyhedron can be computed from the convex hull of the palette points. Turning now to FIG. 5, the above process can be adapted to map any source gamut 50 to a target gamut 51 utilising a process heretoafter called gamut morphing which has particular application in the creation of artistic effects. Gamut morphing is used to directly control the mapping of colours in the source gamut to colours in the target gamut.

Just like gamut compression, gamut morphing may be used to artificially constrain the gamut of an image to simulate a particular artistic style. Just like gamut compression, efficient gamut morphing can be carried out using the lookup-table-driven algorithm, since the computation of the gamut morph is decoupled from the colour warping process.

With gamut morphing, a number of source gamut colours e.g. 53 are mapped directly to the same number of corresponding target gamut colours e.g. 54. The remaining target colours intermediate of the mapped targets in the lookup table are computed as a weighted sum of the specified target colours (e.g. 54). The target colours are preferably weighted by the inverse squared distance of the corresponding source colours from each lookup table point.

The gamut morphing algorithm is embodied in the following pseudo-code:

int fracprecision=colourPrecision—log₂(nSamples);

for (int i=0; i<nSamples; i++)

{

for (int j=0; j<nSamples; j++)

{

for (int k=0; k<nSamples;,k++)

{

. . . construct colour point at (i<<fracPrecision, j<<fracPrecision, k<<fracPrecision)

. . . initialise the weighted sum to zero

. . . initialise the sum of weights to zero

for (int m=0; m<sourceGamut.size(); m++)

{

1. compute the distance from point to a current source gamut point corresponding to m;

2. compute the inverse of the distance squared;

3. call the calculation from step 2 the weight, and add it to the sum of weights

4. scale the corresponding target gamut point by the weight and add it to the weighted sum

}

. . . divide the weighted sum by the sum of weights

. . . write this point to the lookup table at (i, j, k)

}

}

}

It will be evident to those skilled in the art of computer graphics that the aforementioned technique can be utilised to initially restrict the gamut of an image to predetermined areas. Subsequently, brush stroking filters can be applied to the restricted gamut image to produce effects similar to those provided, for example, by the “Pointillisme” techniques.

It would be appreciated by a person skilled in the art that numerous variations and/or modifications may be made to the present invention as shown in the specific embodiment without departing from the spirit or scope of the invention as broadly described. The present embodiment is, therefore, to be considered in all respects to be illustrative and not restrictive.

ACTUATOR MECHANISM (APPLIED ONLY TO SELECTED INK DROPS) Actuator Mechanism Description Advantages Disadvantages Examples Thermal An electrothermal heater heats the ♦ Large force generated ♦ High power ♦ Canon Bubblejet bubble ink to above boiling point, ♦ Simple construction ♦ Ink carrier limited to water 1979 Endo et al GB transferring significant heat to the ♦ No moving parts ♦ Low efficiency patent 2,007,162 aqueous ink. A bubble nucleates and ♦ Fast operation ♦ High temperatures required ♦ Xerox heater-in-pit quickly forms, expelling the ink. ♦ Small chip area ♦ High mechanical stress 1990 Hawkins et al The efficiency of the process is low, required for actuator ♦ Unusual materials required U.S. Pat. No. with typically less than 0.05% of the ♦ Large drive transistors 4,899,181 electrical energy being transformed ♦ Cavitation causes actuator ♦ Hewlett-Packard TIJ into kinetic energy of the drop. failure 1982 Vaught et al ♦ Kogation reduces bubble U.S. Pat. No. formation 4,490,728 ♦ Large print heads are difficult to fabricate Piezoelectric A piezoelectric crystal such as lead ♦ Low power ♦ Very large area required for ♦ Kyser et al lanthanum zirconate (PZT) is consumption actuator U.S. Pat. No. electrically activated, and either ♦ Many ink types ♦ Difficult to integrate with 3,946,398 expands, shears, or bends to apply can be used electronics ♦ Zoltan U.S. Pat. No. pressure to the ink, ejecting drops. ♦ Fast operation ♦ High voltage drive transistors 3,683,212 ♦ High efficiency required ♦ 1973 Stemme ♦ Full pagewidth print heads U.S. Pat. No. impractical due to actuator size 3,747,120 ♦ Requires electrical poling in ♦ Epson Stylus high field strengths during ♦ Tektronix manufacture ♦ IJ04 Electro- An electric field is used to activate ♦ Low power ♦ Low maximum strain ♦ Seiko Epson, Usui et strictive electrostriction in relaxor materials consumption (approx. 0.01%) all JP 253401/96 such as lead lanthanum zirconate ♦ Many ink types ♦ Large area required for ♦ IJ04 titanate (PLZT) or lead magnesium can be used actuator due to low strain niobate (PMN). ♦ Low thermal ♦ Response speed is marginal expansion (˜10 μs) ♦ Electric field strength ♦ High voltage drive transistors required (approx. required 3.5 V/μm) can be ♦ Full pagewidth print heads generated without impractical due to actuator size difficulty ♦ Does not require electrical poling Ferroelectric An electric field is used to induce a ♦ Low power ♦ Difficult to integrate with ♦ IJ04 phase transition between the consumption electronics antiferroelectric (AFE) and ♦ Many ink types can ♦ Unusual materials such as ferroelectric (FE) phase. Perovskite be used PLZSnT are required materials such as tin modified lead ♦ Fast operation (<1 μs) ♦ Actuators require a large area lanthanum zirconate titanate ♦ Relatively high (PLZSnT) exhibit large strains of up longitudinal strain to 1% associated with the AFE to FE ♦ High efficiency phase transition. ♦ Electric field strength of around 3 V/μm can be readily provided Electrostatic Conductive plates are separated by a ♦ Low power ♦ Difficult to operate electrostatic ♦ IJ02, IJ04 plates compressible or fluid dielectric consumption devices in an aqueous (usually air). Upon application of a ♦ Many ink types can environment voltage, the plates attract each other be used ♦ The electrostatic actuator will and displace ink, causing drop ♦ Fast operation normally need to be separated ejection. The conductive plates may from the ink be in a comb or honeycomb ♦ Very large area required to structure, or stacked to increase the achieve high forces surface area and therefore the force. ♦ High voltage drive transistors may be required ♦ Full pagewidth print heads are not competitive due to actuator size Electrostatic A strong electric field is applied to ♦ Low current ♦ High voltage required ♦ 1989 Saito et al, pull on ink the ink, whereupon electrostatic consumption ♦ May be damaged by sparks due U.S. Pat. No. attraction accelerates the ink towards ♦ Low temperature to air breakdown 4,799,068 the print medium. ♦ Required field strength increases ♦ 1989 Miura et al, as the drop size decreases U.S. Pat. No. ♦ High voltage drive transistors 4,810,954 required ♦ Tone-jet ♦ Electrostatic field attracts dust Permanent An electromagnet directly attracts a ♦ Low power ♦ Complex fabrication ♦ IJ07, IJ10 magnet permanent magnet, displacing ink consumption ♦ Permanent magnetic material electro- and causing drop ejection. Rare earth ♦ Many ink types can such as Neodymium Iron Boron magnetic magnets with a field strength around be used (NdFeB) required. 1 Tesla can be used. Examples are: ♦ Fast operation ♦ High local currents required Samarium Cobalt (SaCo) and ♦ High efficiency ♦ Copper metalization should be magnetic materials in the ♦ Easy extension from used for long electromigration neodymium iron boron family single nozzles to lifetime and low resistivity (NdFeB, NdDyFeBNb, NdDyFeB, pagewidth print heads ♦ Pigmented inks are usually etc) infeasible ♦ Operating temperature limited to the Curie temperature (around 540 K.) Soft magnetic A solenoid induced a magnetic field ♦ Low power ♦ Complex fabrication ♦ IJ01, IJ05, IJ08, IJ10 core electro- in a soft magnetic core or yoke consumption ♦ Materials not usually present ♦ IJ12, IJ14, IJ15, IJ17 magnetic fabricated from a ferrous material ♦ Many ink types can in a CMOS fab such as NiFe, such as electroplated iron alloys such be used CoNiFe, or CoFe are required as CoNiFe [1], CoFe, or NiFe alloys. ♦ Fast operation ♦ High local currents required Typically, the soft magnetic material ♦ High efficiency ♦ Copper metalization should be is in two parts, which are normally ♦ Easy extension from used for long electromigration held apart by a spring. When the single nozzles to lifetime and low resistivity solenoid is actuated, the two parts pagewidth print heads ♦ Electroplating is required attract, displacing the ink. ♦ High saturation flux density is required (2.0-2.1 T is achievable with CoNiFe [1]) Magnetic The Lorenz force acting on a current ♦ Low power ♦ Force acts as a twisting ♦ IJ06, IJ11, IJ13, IJ16 Lorenz force carrying wire in a magnetic field is consumption motion utilized. ♦ Many ink types can ♦ Typically, only a quarter This allows the magnetic field to be be used of the solenoid length supplied externally to the print head, ♦ Fast operation provides force in a useful for example with rare earth ♦ High efficiency direction permanent magnets. ♦ Easy extension from ♦ High local currents required Only the current carrying wire need single nozzles to ♦ Copper metalization should be be fabricated on the print-head, pagewidth print heads used for long electromigration simplifying materials requirements. lifetime and low resistivity ♦ Pigmented inks are usually infeasible Magneto- The actuator uses the giant ♦ Many ink types can ♦ Force acts as a twisting motion ♦ Fischenbeck, striction magnetostrictive effect of materials be used ♦ Unusual materials such as U.S. Pat. No. such as Terfenol-D (an alloy of ♦ Fast operation Terfenol-D are required 4,032,929 terbium, dysprosium and iron ♦ Easy extension from ♦ High local currents required ♦ IJ25 developed at the Naval Ordnance single nozzles to ♦ Copper metalization should be Laboratory, hence Ter-Fe-NOL). For pagewidth print heads used for long electromigration best efficiency, the actuator should ♦ High force is available lifetime and low resistivity be pre-stressed to approx. 8 MPa. ♦ Pre-stressing may be required Surface Ink under positive pressure is held in ♦ Low power ♦ Requires supplementary force to ♦ Silverbrook, EP 0771 tension a nozzle by surface tension. The consumption effect drop separation 658 A2 and related reduction surface tension of the ink is reduced ♦ Simple construction ♦ Requires special ink surfactants patent applications below the bubble threshold, causing ♦ No unusual materials ♦ Speed may be limited by the ink to egress from the nozzle. required in fabrication surfactant properties ♦ High efficiency ♦ Easy extension from single nozzles to pagewidth print heads Viscosity The ink viscosity is locally reduced ♦ Simple construction ♦ Requires supplementary force to ♦ Silverbrook, EP 0771 reduction to select which drops are to be ♦ No unusual materials effect drop separation 658 A2 and related ejected. A viscosity reduction can be required in fabrication ♦ Requires special ink viscosity patent applications achieved electrothermally with most ♦ Easy extension from properties inks, but special inks can be single nozzles to ♦ High speed is difficult to achieve engineered for a 100:1 viscosity pagewidth print heads ♦ Requires oscillating ink pressure reduction. ♦ A high temperature difference (typically 80 degrees) is required Acoustic An acoustic wave is generated and ♦ Can operate without a ♦ Complex drive circuitry ♦ 1993 Hadimioglu et focussed upon the drop ejection nozzle plate ♦ Complex fabrication al, EUP 550,192 region. ♦ Low efficiency ♦ 1993 Elrod et al, ♦ Poor control of drop position EUP 572,220 ♦ Poor control of drop volume Thermoelastic An actuator which relies upon ♦ Low power ♦ Efficient aqueous operation ♦ IJ03, IJ09, IJ17, IJ18 bend actuator differential thermal expansion upon consumption requires a thermal insulator ♦ IJ19, IJ20, IJ21, IJ22 Joule heating is used. ♦ Many ink types can on the hot side ♦ IJ23, IJ24, IJ27, IJ28 be used ♦ Corrosion prevention can be ♦ IJ29, IJ30, IJ31, IJ32 ♦ Simple planar difficult ♦ IJ33, IJ34, IJ35, IJ36 fabrication ♦ Pigmented inks may be ♦ IJ37, IJ38, IJ39, IJ40 ♦ Small chip area infeasible, as pigment ♦ IJ41 required for each particles may jam the bend actuator actuator ♦ Fast operation ♦ High efficiency ♦ CMOS compatible voltages and currents ♦ Standard MEMS processes can be used ♦ Easy extension from single nozzles to pagewidth print heads High CTE A material with a very high ♦ High force can be ♦ Requires special material ♦ IJ09, IJ17, IJ18, IJ20 thermoelastic coefficient of thermal expansion generated (e.g. PTFE) ♦ IJ21, IJ22, IJ23, IJ24 actuator (CTE) such as ♦ PTFE is a candidate ♦ Requires a PTFE deposition ♦ IJ27, IJ28, IJ29, IJ30 polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) is for low dielectric process, which is not yet ♦ IJ31, IJ42, IJ43, IJ44 used. As high CTE materials are constant insulation in standard in ULSI fabs usually non-conductive, a heater ULSI ♦ PTFE deposition cannot be fabricated from a conductive ♦ Very low power followed with high temperature material is incorporated. A 50 μm consumption (above 350° C.) processing long PTFE bend actuator with ♦ Many ink types can ♦ Pigmented inks may be polysilicon heater and 15 mW power be used infeasible, as pigment particles input can provide 180 μN force and ♦ Simple planar may jam the bend actuator 10 μm deflection. Actuator motions fabrication include: ♦ Small chip area 1) Bend required for each 2) Push actuator 3) Buckle ♦ Fast operation 4) Rotate ♦ High efficiency ♦ CMOS compatible voltages and currents ♦ Easy extension from single nozzles to pagewidth print heads Conductive A polymer with a high coefficient of ♦ High force can ♦ Requires special materials ♦ IJ24 polymer thermal expansion (such as PTFE) is be generated development (High CTE thermoelastic doped with conducting substances to ♦ Very low power conductive polymer) actuator increase its conductivity to about 3 consumption ♦ Requires a PTFE deposition orders of magnitude below that of ♦ Many ink types process, which is not yet copper. The conducting polymer can be used standard in ULSI fabs expands when resistively heated. ♦ Simple planar ♦ PTFE deposition cannot be Examples of conducting dopants fabrication followed with high temperature include: ♦ Small chip area (above 350° C.) processing 1) Carbon nanotubes required for ♦ Evaporation and CVD 2) Metal fibers each actuator deposition techniques cannot 3) Conductive polymers such as ♦ Fast operation be used doped polythiophene ♦ High efficiency ♦ Pigmented inks may be 4) Carbon granules ♦ CMOS compatible infeasible, as pigment voltages and currents particles may jam the ♦ Easy extension from bend actuator single nozzles to pagewidth print heads Shape memory A shape memory alloy such as TiNi ♦ High force is ♦ Fatigue limits maximum number ♦ IJ26 alloy (also known as Nitinol — Nickel available (stresses of cycles Titanium alloy developed at the of hundreds of MPa) ♦ Low strain (1%) is required to Naval Ordnance Laboratory) is ♦ Large strain extend fatigue resistance thermally switched between its weak is available ♦ Cycle rate limited by heat martensitic state and its high (more than 3%) removal stiffness austenic state. The shape of ♦ High corrosion ♦ Requires unusual materials the actuator in its martensitic state is resistance (TiNi) deformed relative to the austenic ♦ Simple construction ♦ The latent heat of transformation shape. The shape change causes ♦ Easy extension from must be provided ejection of a drop. single nozzles to ♦ High current operation pagewidth print heads ♦ Requires pre-stressing to distort ♦ Low voltage operation the martensitic state Linear Linear magnetic actuators include ♦ Linear Magnetic ♦ Requires unusual semiconductor ♦ IJ12 Magnetic the Linear Induction Actuator (LIA), actuators can be materials such as soft magnetic Actuator Linear Permanent Magnet constructed with alloys (e.g. CoNiFe [1]) Synchronous Actuator (LPMSA), high thrust, long ♦ Some varieties also require Linear Reluctance Synchronous travel, and high permanent magnetic materials Actuator (LRSA), Linear Switched efficiency using such as Neodymium iron Reluctance Actuator (LSRA), and planar semiconductor boron (NdFeB) the Linear Stepper Actuator (LSA). fabrication techniques ♦ Requires complex multi-phase ♦ Long actuator travel drive circuitry is available ♦ High current operation ♦ Medium force is available ♦ Low voltage operation

BASIC OPERATION MODE Operational mode Description Advantages Disadvantages Examples Actuator This is the simplest mode of ♦ Simple operation ♦ Drop repetition rate is usually ♦ Thermal inkjet directly operation: the actuator directly ♦ No external fields limited to less than 10 KHz. ♦ Piezoelectric inkjet pushes ink supplies sufficient kinetic energy to required However, this is not ♦ IJ01, IJ02, IJ03, IJ04 expel the drop. The drop must have a ♦ Satellite drops fundamental to the method, but ♦ IJ05, IJ06, IJ07, IJ09 sufficient velocity to overcome the can be avoided is related to the refill method ♦ IJ11, IJ12, IJ14, IJ16 surface tension. if drop velocity normally used ♦ IJ20, IJ22, IJ23, IJ24 is less than 4 m/s ♦ All of the drop kinetic energy ♦ IJ25, IJ26, IJ27, IJ28 ♦ Can be efficient, must be provided by the actuator ♦ IJ29, IJ30, IJ31, IJ32 depending upon the ♦ Satellite drops usually ♦ IJ33, IJ34, IJ35, IJ36 actuator used form if drop velocity is ♦ IJ37, IJ38, IJ39, IJ40 greater than 4.5 m/s ♦ IJ41, IJ42, IJ43, IJ44 Proximity The drops to be printed are selected ♦ Very simple print ♦ Requires close proximity ♦ Silverbrook, EP 0771 by some manner (e.g. thermally head fabrication between the print head 658 A2 and related induced surface tension reduction of can be used and the print media or patent applications pressurized ink). Selected drops are ♦ The drop selection transfer roller separated from the ink in the nozzle means does not ♦ May require two print heads by contact with the print medium or need to provide printing alternate rows of a transfer roller. the energy required the image to separate the ♦ Monolithic color print heads drop from the nozzle are difficult Electrostatic The drops to be printed are selected ♦ Very simple print ♦ Requires very high electrostatic ♦ Silverbrook, EP 0771 pull on ink by some manner (e.g. thermally head fabrication field 658 A2 and related induced surface tension reduction of can be used ♦ Electrostatic field for small patent applications pressurized ink). Selected drops are ♦ The drop selection nozzle sizes is above air ♦ Tone-Jet separated from the ink in the nozzle means does not breakdown by a strong electric field. need to provide ♦ Electrostatic field may attract the energy required dust to separate the drop from the nozzle Magnetic pull The drops to be printed are selected ♦ Very simple print ♦ Requires magnetic ink ♦ Silverbrook, EP 0771 on ink by some manner (e.g. thermally head fabrication ♦ Ink colors other than black 658 A2 and related induced surface tension reduction of can be used are difficult patent applications pressurized ink). Selected drops are ♦ The drop selection ♦ Requires very high magnetic separated from the ink in the nozzle means does not fields by a strong magnetic field acting on need to provide the magnetic ink. the energy required to separate the drop from the nozzle Shutter The actuator moves a shutter to ♦ High speed (>50 KHz) ♦ Moving parts are required ♦ IJ13, IJ17, IJ21 block ink flow to the nozzle. The ink operation can be ♦ Requires ink pressure modulator pressure is pulsed at a multiple of the achieved due to ♦ Friction and wear must be drop ejection frequency. reduced refill time considered ♦ Drop timing can be ♦ Stiction is possible very accurate ♦ The actuator energy can be very low Shuttered grill The actuator moves a shutter to ♦ Actuators with small ♦ Moving parts are required ♦ IJ08, IJ15, IJ18, IJ19 block ink flow through a grill to the travel can be used ♦ Requires ink pressure modulator nozzle. The shutter movement need ♦ Actuators with small ♦ Friction and wear must be only be equal to the width of the grill force can be used considered holes. ♦ High speed (>50 KHz) ♦ Stiction is possible operation can be achieved Pulsed A pulsed magnetic field attracts an ♦ Extremely low energy ♦ Requires an external pulsed ♦ IJ10 magnetic pull ‘ink pusher’ at the drop ejection operation is possible magnetic field on ink pusher frequency. An actuator controls a ♦ No heat dissipation ♦ Requires special materials for catch, which prevents the ink pusher problems both the actuator and the from moving when a drop is not to ink pusher be ejected. ♦ Complex construction

AUXILIARY MECHANISM (APPLIED TO ALL NOZZLES) Auxiliary Mechanism Description Advantages Disadvantages Examples None The actuator directly fires the ink ♦ Simplicity of ♦ Drop ejection energy must ♦ Most inkjets, drop, and there is no external field or construction be supplied by individual including other mechanism required. ♦ Simplicity of operation nozzle actuator piezoelectric and ♦ Small physical size thermal bubble. ♦ IJ01-IJ07, IJ09, IJ11 ♦ IJ12, IJ14, IJ20, IJ22 ♦ IJ23-IJ45 Oscillating ink The ink pressure oscillates, ♦ Oscillating ink ♦ Requires external ink pressure ♦ Silverbrook, EP 0771 pressure providing much of the drop ejection pressure can provide oscillator 658 A2 and related (including energy. The actuator selects which a refill pulse, ♦ Ink pressure phase and patent applications acoustic drops are to be fired by selectively allowing higher amplitude must be carefully ♦ IJ08, IJ13, IJ15, IJ17 stimulation) blocking or enabling nozzles. The operating speed controlled ♦ IJ18, IJ19, IJ21 ink pressure oscillation may be ♦ The actuators may ♦ Acoustic reflections in the ink achieved by vibrating the print head, operate with much chamber must be designed for or preferably by an actuator in the lower energy ink supply. ♦ Acoustic lenses can be used to focus the sound on the nozzles Media The print head is placed in close ♦ Low power ♦ Precision assembly required ♦ Silverbrook, EP 0771 proximity proximity to the print medium. ♦ High accuracy ♦ Paper fibers may cause problems 658 A2 and related Selected drops protrude from the ♦ Simple print head ♦ Cannot print on rough substrates patent applications print head further than unselected construction drops, and contact the print medium. The drop soaks into the medium fast enough to cause drop separation. Transfer roller Drops are printed to a transfer roller ♦ High accuracy ♦ Bulky ♦ Silverbrook, EP 0771 instead of straight to the print ♦ Wide range of print ♦ Expensive 658 A2 and related medium. A transfer roller can also be substrates can be used ♦ Complex construction patent applications used for proximity drop separation. ♦ Ink can be dried on ♦ Tektronix hot melt the transfer roller piezoelectric inkjet ♦ Any of the IJ series Electrostatic An electric field is used to accelerate ♦ Low power ♦ Field strength required for ♦ Silverbrook, EP 0771 selected drops towards the print ♦ Simple print head separation of small drops is 658 A2 and related medium. construction near or above air breakdown patent applications ♦ Tone-Jet Direct A magnetic field is used to accelerate ♦ Low power ♦ Requires magnetic ink ♦ Silverbrook, EP 0771 magnetic field selected drops of magnetic ink ♦ Simple print head ♦ Requires strong magnetic 658 A2 and related towards the print medium. construction field patent applications Cross The print head is placed in a constant ♦ Does not require ♦ Requires external magnet ♦ IJ06, IJ16 magnetic field magnetic field. The Lorenz force in a magnetic materials ♦ Current densities may be high, current carrying wire is used to move to be integrated resulting in electromigration the actuator. in the print head problems manufacturing process Pulsed A pulsed magnetic field is used to ♦ Very low power ♦ Complex print head construction ♦ IJ10 magnetic field cyclically attract a paddle, which operation is possible ♦ Magnetic materials required in pushes on the ink. A small actuator ♦ Small print head print head moves a catch, which selectively size prevents the paddle from moving.

ACTUATOR AMPLIFICATION OR MODIFICATION METHOD Actuator amplification Description Advantages Disadvantages Examples None No actuator mechanical ♦ Operational simplicity ♦ Many actuator mechanisms ♦ Thermal Bubble amplification is used. The actuator have insufficient travel, Inkjet directly drives the drop ejection or insufficient force, ♦ IJ01, IJ02, IJ06, IJ07 process. to efficiently drive the drop ♦ IJ16, IJ25, IJ26 ejection process Differential An actuator material expands more ♦ Provides greater travel ♦ High stresses are involved ♦ Piezoelectric expansion on one side than on the other. The in a reduced ♦ Care must be taken that the ♦ IJ03, IJ09, IJ17-IJ24 bend actuator expansion may be thermal, print head area materials do not delaminate ♦ IJ27, IJ29-IJ39, IJ42, piezoelectric, magnetostrictive, or ♦ The bend actuator ♦ Residual bend resulting from ♦ IJ43, IJ44 other mechanism. converts a high high temperature or high force low travel stress during formation actuator mechanism to high travel, lower force mechanism. Transient bend A trilayer bend actuator where the ♦ Very good temperature ♦ High stresses are involved ♦ IJ40, IJ41 actuator two outside layers are identical. This stability ♦ Care must be taken that the cancels bend due to ambient ♦ High speed, as a new materials do not delaminate temperature and residual stress. The drop can be fired actuator only responds to transient before heat dissipates heating of one side or the other. ♦ Cancels residual stress of formation Actuator stack A series of thin actuators are stacked. ♦ Increased travel ♦ Increased fabrication complexity ♦ Some piezoelectric This can be appropriate where ♦ Reduced drive voltage ♦ Increased possibility of short ink jets actuators require high electric field circuits due to pinholes ♦ IJ04 strength, such as electrostatic and piezoelectric actuators. Multiple Multiple smaller actuators are used ♦ Increases the force ♦ Actuator forces may not add ♦ IJ12, IJ13, IJ18, IJ20 actuators simultaneously to move the ink. available from an linearly, reducing efficiency ♦ IJ22, IJ28, IJ42, IJ43 Each actuator need to provide only a actuator portion of the force required. ♦ Multiple actuators can be positioned to control ink flow accurately Linear Spring A linear spring is used to transform a ♦ Matches low travel ♦ Requires print head area for the ♦ IJ15 motion with small travel and high actuator with higher spring force into a longer travel, lower force travel requirements motion. ♦ Non-contact method of motion transformation Reverse spring The actuator loads a spring. When ♦ Better coupling to ♦ Fabrication complexity ♦ IJ05, IJ11 the actuator is turned off, the spring the ink ♦ High stress in the spring releases. This can reverse the force/distance curve of the actuator to make it compatible with the force/time requirements of the drop ejection. Coiled A bend actuator is coiled to provide ♦ Increases travel ♦ Generally restricted to ♦ IJ17, IJ21, IJ34, IJ35 actuator greater travel in a reduced chip area. ♦ Reduces chip area planar implementations due ♦ Planar to extreme fabrication difficulty implementations are in other orientations. relatively easy to fabricate. Flexure bend A bend actuator has a small region ♦ Simple means of ♦ Care must be taken not to ♦ IJ10, IJ19, IJ33 actuator near the fixture point, which flexes increasing travel exceed the elastic limit in much more readily than the of a bend actuator the flexure area remainder of the actuator. The ♦ Stress distribution is very actuator flexing is effectively uneven converted from an even coiling to an ♦ Difficult to accurately model angular bend, resulting in greater with finite element analysis travel of the actuator tip. Gears Gears can be used to increase travel ♦ Low force, low travel ♦ Moving parts are required ♦ IJ13 at the expense of duration. Circular actuators can be used ♦ Several actuator cycles are gears, rack and pinion, ratchets, and ♦ Can be fabricated required other gearing methods can be used. using standard surface ♦ More complex drive electronics MEMS processes ♦ Complex construction ♦ Friction, friction, and wear are possible Catch The actuator controls a small catch. ♦ Very low actuator ♦ Complex construction ♦ IJ10 The catch either enables or disables energy ♦ Requires external force movement of an ink pusher that is ♦ Very small actuator ♦ Unsuitable for pigmented inks controlled in a bulk manner. size Buckle plate A buckle plate can be used to change ♦ Very fast movement ♦ Must stay within elastic limits ♦ S. Hirata et al, a slow actuator into a fast motion. It achievable of the materials for long “An Ink-jet can also convert a high force, low device life Head . . . ”, travel actuator into a high travel, ♦ High stresses involved Proc. IEEE MEMS, medium force motion. ♦ Generally high power Feb. 1996, requirement pp 418-423. ♦ IJ18, IJ27 Tapered A tapered magnetic pole can increase ♦ Linearizes the ♦ Complex construction ♦ IJ14 magnetic pole travel at the expense of force. magnetic force/ distance curve Lever A lever and fulcrum is used to ♦ Matches low travel ♦ High stress around the fulcrum ♦ IJ32, IJ36, IJ37 transform a motion with small travel actuator with higher and high force into a motion with travel requirements longer travel and lower force. The ♦ Fulcrum area has lever can also reverse the direction of no linear movement, travel. and can be used for a fluid seal Rotary The actuator is connected to a rotary ♦ High mechanical ♦ Complex construction ♦ IJ28 impeller impeller. A small angular deflection advantage ♦ Unsuitable for pigmented inks of the actuator results in a rotation of ♦ The ratio of force the impeller vanes, which push the to travel of the ink against stationary vanes and out actuator can be of the nozzle. matched to the nozzle requirements by varying the number of impeller vanes Acoustic lens A refractive or diffractive (e.g. zone ♦ No moving parts ♦ Large area required ♦ 1993 Hadimioglu et plate) acoustic lens is used to ♦ Only relevant for acoustic ink al, EUP 550,192 concentrate sound waves. jets ♦ 1993 Elrod et al, EUP 572,220 Sharp A sharp point is used to concentrate ♦ Simple construction ♦ Difficult to fabricate using ♦ Tone-jet conductive an electrostatic field. standard VLSI processes for a point surface ejecting ink-jet ♦ Only relevant for electrostatic ink jets

ACTUATOR MOTION Actuator motion Description Advantages Disadvantages Examples Volume The volume of the actuator changes, ♦ Simple construction ♦ High energy is typically required ♦ Hewlett-Packard expansion pushing the ink in all directions. in the case of to achieve volume expansion. Thermal Inkjet thermal ink jet This leads to thermal stress, ♦ Canon Bubblejet cavitation, and kogation in thermal ink jet implementations Linear, normal The actuator moves in a direction ♦ Efficient coupling ♦ High fabrication complexity ♦ IJ01, IJ02, IJ04, IJ07 to chip surface normal to the print head surface. The to ink drops may be required to achieve ♦ IJ11, IJ14 nozzle is typically in the line of ejected normal to perpendicular motion movement. the surface Linear, parallel The actuator moves parallel to the ♦ Suitable for planar ♦ Fabrication complexity ♦ IJ12, IJ13, IJ15, IJ33, to chip surface print head surface. Drop ejection fabrication ♦ Friction ♦ IJ34, IJ35, IJ36 may still be normal to the surface. ♦ Stiction Membrane An actuator with a high force but ♦ The effective area ♦ Fabrication complexity ♦ 1982 Howkins push small area is used to push a stiff of the actuator ♦ Actuator size U.S. Pat. No. membrane that is in contact with the becomes the ♦ Difficulty of integration in 4,459,601 ink. membrane area a VLSI process Rotary The actuator causes the rotation of ♦ Rotary levers may ♦ Device complexity ♦ IJ05, IJ08, IJ13, IJ28 some element, such a grill or be used to ♦ May have friction at a pivot impeller increase travel point ♦ Small chip area requirements Bend The actuator bends when energized. ♦ A very small ♦ Requires the actuator to be ♦ 1970 Kyser et al This may be due to differential change in dimensions made from at least two U.S. Pat. No. thermal expansion, piezoelectric can be converted distinct layers, or to have a 3,946,398 expansion, magnetostriction, or other to a large motion. thermal difference across the ♦ 1973 Stemme form of relative dimensional change. actuator U.S. Pat. No. 3,747,120 ♦ IJ03, IJ09, IJ10, IJ19 ♦ IJ23, IJ24, IJ25, IJ29 ♦ IJ30, IJ31, IJ33, IJ34 ♦ IJ35 Swivel The actuator swivels around a central ♦ Allows operation ♦ Inefficient coupling to the ink ♦ IJ06 pivot. This motion is suitable where where the net motion there are opposite forces applied to linear force on the opposite sides of the paddle, e.g. paddle is zero Lorenz force. ♦ Small chip area requirements Straighten The actuator is normally bent, and ♦ Can be used with ♦ Requires careful balance of ♦ IJ26, IJ32 straightens when energized. shape memory alloys stresses to ensure that the where the austenic quiescent bend is accurate phase is planar Double bend The actuator bends in one direction ♦ One actuator can be ♦ Difficult to make the drops ♦ IJ36, IJ37, IJ38 when one element is energized, and used to power two ejected by both bend directions bends the other way when another nozzles. identical. element is energized. ♦ Reduced chip size. ♦ A small efficiency loss ♦ Not sensitive to compared to equivalent single ambient temperature bend actuators. Shear Energizing the actuator causes a ♦ Can increase the ♦ Not readily applicable to other ♦ 1985 Fishbeck shear motion in the actuator material. effective travel of actuator mechanisms U.S. Pat. No. piezoelectric actuators 4,584,590 Radial The actuator squeezes an ink ♦ Relatively easy to ♦ High force required ♦ 1970 Zoltan constriction reservoir, forcing ink from a fabricate single ♦ Inefficient U.S. Pat. No. constricted nozzle. nozzles from glass ♦ Difficult to integrate with 3,683,212 tubing as VLSI processes macroscopic structures Coil/uncoil A coiled actuator uncoils or coils ♦ Easy to fabricate ♦ Difficult to fabricate for ♦ IJ17, IJ21, IJ34, IJ35 more tightly. The motion of the free as a planar non-planar devices end of the actuator ejects the ink. VLSI process ♦ Poor out-of-plane stiffness ♦ Small area required, therefore low cost Bow The actuator bows (or buckles) in the ♦ Can increase the ♦ Maximum travel is constrained ♦ IJ16, IJ18, IJ27 middle when energized. speed of travel ♦ High force required ♦ Mechanically rigid Push-Pull Two actuators control a shutter. One ♦ The structure is ♦ Not readily suitable for ♦ IJ18 actuator pulls the shutter, and the pinned at both inkjets which directly push other pushes it. ends, so has a the ink high out-of-plane rigidity Curl inwards A set of actuators curl inwards to ♦ Good fluid flow ♦ Design complexity ♦ IJ20, IJ42 reduce the volume of ink that they to the region enclose. behind the actuator increases efficiency Curl outwards A set of actuators curl outwards, ♦ Relatively simple ♦ Relatively large chip area ♦ IJ43 pressurizing ink in a chamber construction surrounding the actuators, and expelling ink from a nozzle in the chamber. Iris Multiple vanes enclose a volume of ♦ High efficiency ♦ High fabrication complexity ♦ IJ22 ink. These simultaneously rotate, ♦ Small chip area ♦ Not suitable for pigmented inks reducing the volume between the vanes. Acoustic The actuator vibrates at a high ♦ The actuator can ♦ Large area required for efficient ♦ 1993 Hadimioglu vibration frequency. be physically operation at useful frequencies et al, EUP 550,192 distant from the ♦ Acoustic coupling and crosstalk ♦ 1993 Elrod et al, ink ♦ Complex drive circuitry EUP 572,220 ♦ Poor control of drop volume and position None In various ink jet designs the actuator ♦ No moving parts ♦ Various other tradeoffs are ♦ Silverbrook, EP 0771 does not move. required to eliminate moving 658 A2 and related parts patent applications ♦ Tone-jet

NOZZLE REFILL METHOD Nozzle refill method Description Advantages Disadvantages Examples Surface After the actuator is energized, it ♦ Fabrication simplicity ♦ Low speed ♦ Thermal inkjet tension typically returns rapidly to its normal ♦ Operational simplicity ♦ Surface tension force relatively ♦ Piezoelectric inkjet position. This rapid return sucks in small compared to actuator force ♦ IJ01-IJ07, IJ10-IJ14 air through the nozzle opening. The ♦ Long refill time usually ♦ IJ16, IJ20, IJ22-IJ45 ink surface tension at the nozzle then dominates the total repetition exerts a small force restoring the rate meniscus to a minimum area. Shuttered Ink to the nozzle chamber is ♦ High speed ♦ Requires common ink pressure ♦ IJ08, IJ13, IJ15, IJ17 oscillating ink provided at a pressure that oscillates ♦ Low actuator energy, oscillator ♦ IJ18, IJ19, IJ21 pressure at twice the drop ejection frequency. as the actuator ♦ May not be suitable for When a drop is to be ejected, the need only open or pigmented inks shutter is opened for 3 half cycles: close the shutter, drop ejection, actuator return, and instead of ejecting refill. the ink drop Refill actuator After the main actuator has ejected a ♦ High speed, as the ♦ Requires two independent ♦ IJ09 drop a second (refill) actuator is nozzle is actively actuators per nozzle energized. The refill actuator pushes refilled ink into the nozzle chamber. The refill actuator returns slowly, to prevent its return from emptying the chamber again. Positive ink The ink is held a slight positive ♦ High refill rate, ♦ Surface spill must be prevented ♦ Silverbrook, EP 0771 pressure pressure. After the ink drop is therefore a high ♦ Highly hydrophobic print head 658 A2 and related ejected, the nozzle chamber fills drop repetition rate surfaces are required patent applications quickly as surface tension and ink is posssible ♦ Alternative for: pressure both operate to refill the ♦ IJ01-IJ07, IJ10-IJ14 nozzle. ♦ IJ16, IJ20, IJ22-IJ45

METHOD OF RESTRICTING BACK-FLOW THROUGH INLET Inlet back-flow restriction method Description Advantages Disadvantages Examples Long inlet The ink inlet channel to the nozzle ♦ Design simplicity ♦ Restricts refill rate ♦ Thermal inkjet channel chamber is made long and relatively ♦ Operational simplicity ♦ May result in a relatively large ♦ Piezoelectric inkjet narrow, relying on viscous drag to ♦ Reduces crosstalk chip area ♦ IJ42, IJ43 reduce inlet back-flow. ♦ Only partially effective Positive ink The ink is under a positive pressure, ♦ Drop selection and ♦ Requires a method (such as a ♦ Silverbrook, EP 0771 pressure so that in the quiescent state some of separation forces can nozzle rim or effective 658 A2 and related the ink drop already protrudes from be reduced hydrophobizing, or both) to patent applications the nozzle. ♦ Fast refill time prevent flooding of the ejection ♦ Possible operation of This reduces the pressure in the surface of the print head. the following: nozzle chamber which is required to ♦ IJ01-IJ07, IJ09-IJ12 eject a certain volume of ink. The ♦ IJ14, IJ16, IJ20, IJ22, reduction in chamber pressure results ♦ IJ23-IJ34, IJ36-IJ41 in a reduction in ink pushed out ♦ IJ44 through the inlet. Baffle One or more baffles are placed in the ♦ The refill rate is ♦ Design complexity ♦ HP Thermal Ink Jet inlet ink flow. When the actuator is not as restricted as ♦ May increase fabrication ♦ Tektronix energized, the rapid ink movement the long inlet method. complexity (e.g. Tektronix piezoelectric ink jet creates eddies which restrict the flow ♦ Reduces crosstalk hot melt Piezoelectric through the inlet. The slower refill print heads). process is unrestricted, and does not result in eddies. Flexible flap In this method recently disclosed by ♦ Significantly reduces ♦ Not applicable to ♦ Canon restricts inlet Canon, the expanding actuator back-flow for edge- most inkjet (bubble) pushes on a flexible flap shooter thermal ink configurations that restricts the inlet. jet devices ♦ Increased fabrication complexity ♦ Inelastic deformation of polymer flap results in creep over extended use Inlet filter A filter is located between the ink ♦ Additional advantage ♦ Restricts refill rate ♦ IJ04, IJ12, IJ24, IJ27 inlet and the nozzle chamber. The of ink filtration ♦ May result in complex ♦ IJ29, IJ30 filter has a multitude of small holes ♦ Ink filter may be construction or slots, restricting ink flow. The fabricated with no filter also removes particles which additional process may block the nozzle. steps Small inlet The ink inlet channel to the nozzle ♦ Design simplicity ♦ Restricts refill rate ♦ IJ02, IJ37, IJ44 compared to chamber has a substantially smaller ♦ May result in a relatively nozzle cross section than that of the nozzle, large chip area resulting in easier ink egress out of ♦ Only partially effective the nozzle than out of the inlet. Inlet shutter A secondary actuator controls the ♦ Increases speed ♦ Requires separate refill ♦ IJ09 position of a shutter, closing off the of the inkjet print actuator and drive circuit ink inlet when the main actuator is head operation energized. The inlet is The method avoids the problem of ♦ Back-flow problem ♦ Requires careful design to ♦ IJ01, IJ03, IJ05, IJ06 located behind inlet back-flow by arranging the ink- is eliminated minimize the negative pressure ♦ IJ07, IJ10, IJ11, IJ14 the ink- pushing surface of the actuator behind the paddle ♦ IJ16, IJ22, IJ23, IJ25 pushing between the inlet and the nozzle. ♦ IJ28, IJ31, IJ32, IJ33 surface ♦ IJ34, IJ35, IJ36, IJ39 ♦ IJ40, IJ41 Part of the The actuator and a wall of the ink ♦ Significant reductions ♦ Small increase in fabrication ♦ IJ07, IJ20, IJ26, IJ38 actuator chamber are arranged so that the in back-flow can complexity moves to shut motion of the actuator closes off the be achieved off the inlet inlet. ♦ Compact designs possible Nozzle In some configurations of ink jet, ♦ Ink back-flow ♦ None related to ink back-flow on ♦ Silverbrook, EP 0771 actuator does there is no expansion or movement problem is actuation 658 A2 and related not result in of an actuator which may cause ink eliminated patent applications ink back-flow back-flow through the inlet. ♦ Valve-jet ♦ Tone-jet ♦ IJ08, IJ13, IJ15, IJ17 ♦ IJ18, IJ19, IJ21

NOZZLE CLEARING METHOD Nozzle Clearing method Description Advantages Disadvantages Examples Normal nozzle All of the nozzles are fired ♦ No added complexity ♦ May not be sufficient to ♦ Most ink jet systems firing periodically, before the ink has a on the print head displace dried ink ♦ IJ01-IJ07, IJ09-IJ12 chance to dry. When not in use the ♦ IJ14, IJ16, IJ20, IJ22 nozzles are sealed (capped) against ♦ IJ23-IJ34, IJ36-IJ45 air. The nozzle firing is usually performed during a special clearing cycle, after first moving the print head to a cleaning station. Extra power to In systems which heat the ink, but do ♦ Can be highly ♦ Requires higher drive voltage ♦ Silverbrook, EP 0771 ink heater not boil it under normal situations, effective if the for clearing 658 A2 and related nozzle clearing can be achieved by heater is adjacent ♦ May require larger drive patent applications over-powering the heater and boiling to the nozzle transistors ink at the nozzle. Rapid The actuator is fired in rapid ♦ Does not require ♦ Effectiveness depends ♦ May be used with: succession of succession. In some configurations, extra drive circuits substantially upon the ♦ IJ01-IJ07, IJ09-IJ11 actuator this may cause heat build-up at the on the print head configuration of the ♦ IJ14, IJ16, IJ20, IJ22 pulses nozzle which boils the ink, clearing ♦ Can be readily inkjet nozzle ♦ IJ23-IJ25, IJ27-IJ34 the nozzle. In other situations, it may controlled and ♦ IJ36-IJ45 cause sufficient vibrations to initiated by digital dislodge clogged nozzles. logic Extra power to Where an actuator is not normally ♦ A simple solution ♦ Not suitable where there is a ♦ May be used with: ink pushing driven to the limit of its motion, where applicable hard limit to actuator movement ♦ IJ03, IJ09, IJ16, IJ20 actuator nozzle clearing may be assisted by ♦ IJ23, IJ24, IJ25, IJ27 providing an enhanced drive signal ♦ IJ29, IJ30, IJ31, IJ32 to the actuator. ♦ IJ39, IJ40, IJ41, IJ42 ♦ IJ43, IJ44, IJ45 Acoustic An ultrasonic wave is applied to the ♦ A high nozzle ♦ High implementation cost if ♦ IJ08, IJ13, IJ15, IJ17 resonance ink chamber. This wave is of an clearing capability system does not already include ♦ IJ18, IJ19, IJ21 appropriate amplitude and frequency can be achieved an acoustic actuator to cause sufficient force at the nozzle ♦ May be implemented to clear blockages. This is easiest to at very low cost achieve if the ultrasonic wave is at a in systems which resonant frequency of the ink cavity. already include acoustic actuators Nozzle A microfabricated plate is pushed ♦ Can clear severely ♦ Accurate mechanical alignment ♦ Silverbrook, EP 0771 clearing plate against the nozzles. The plate has a clogged nozzles is required 658 A2 and related post for every nozzle. The array of ♦ Moving parts are required patent applications posts ♦ There is risk of damage to the nozzles ♦ Accurate fabrication is required Ink pressure The pressure of the ink is ♦ May be effective ♦ Requires pressure pump or other ♦ May be used with pulse temporarily increased so that ink where other methods pressure actuator all IJ series streams from all of the nozzles. This cannot be used ♦ Expensive ink jets may be used in conjunction with ♦ Wasteful of ink actuator energizing. Print head A flexible ‘blade’ is wiped across the ♦ Effective for planar ♦ Difficult to use if print ♦ Many ink jet systems wiper print head surface. The blade is print head surfaces head surface is non-planar usually fabricated from a flexible ♦ Low cost or very fragile polymer, e.g. rubber or synthetic ♦ Requires mechanical parts elastomer. ♦ Blade can wear out in high volume print systems Separate ink A separate heater is provided at the ♦ Can be effective ♦ Fabrication complexity ♦ Can be used with boiling heater nozzle although the normal drop e- where other nozzle many IJ series ink ection mechanism does not require it. clearing methods jets The heaters do not require individual cannot be used drive circuits, as many nozzles can ♦ Can be implemented be cleared simultaneously, and no at no additional imaging is required. cost in some inkjet configurations

NOZZLE PLATE CONSTRUCTION Nozzle plate construction Description Advantages Disadvantages Examples Electroformed A nozzle plate is separately ♦ Fabrication simplicity ♦ High temperatures and pressures ♦ Hewlett Packard nickel fabricated from electroformed nickel, are required to bond nozzle plate Thermal Inkjet and bonded to the print head chip. ♦ Minimum thickness constraints ♦ Differential thermal expansion Laser ablated Individual nozzle holes are ablated ♦ No masks required ♦ Each hole must be individually ♦ Canon Bubblejet or drilled by an intense UV laser in a nozzle ♦ Can be quite fast formed ♦ 1988 Sercel et al., polymer plate, which is typically a polymer ♦ Some control over ♦ Special equipment required SPIE, Vol. 998 such as polyimide or polysulphone nozzle profile ♦ Slow where there are many Excimer Beam is possible thousands of nozzles per Applications, ♦ Equipment required print head pp. 76-83 is relatively ♦ May produce thin burrs at ♦ 1993 Watanabe et al., low cost exit holes U.S. Pat. No. 5,208,604 Silicon micro- A separate nozzle plate is ♦ High accuracy is ♦ Two part construction ♦ K. Bean, IEEE machined micromachined from single crystal attainable ♦ High cost Transactions on silicon, and bonded to the print head ♦ Requires precision alignment Electron Devices, wafer. ♦ Nozzles may be clogged by Vol. ED-25, No. 10, adhesive 1978, pp 1185-1195 ♦ Xerox 1990 Hawkins et al., U.S. Pat. No. 4,899,181 Glass Fine glass capillaries are drawn from ♦ No expensive ♦ Very small nozzle sizes are ♦ 1970 Zoltan capillaries glass tubing. This method has been equipment required difficult to form U.S. Pat. No. used for making individual nozzles, ♦ Simple to make ♦ Not suited for mass production 3,683,212 but is difficult to use for bulk single nozzles manufacturing of print heads with thousands of nozzles. Monolithic, The nozzle plate is deposited as a ♦ High accuracy (<1 μm) ♦ Requires sacrificial layer ♦ Silverbrook, EP 0771 surface micro- layer using standard VLSI deposition ♦ Monolithic under the nozzle plate to 658 A2 and related machined techniques. Nozzles are etched in the ♦ Low cost form the nozzle chamber patent applications using VLSI nozzle plate using VLSI lithography ♦ Existing processes ♦ Surface may be fragile to the ♦ IJ01, IJ02, IJ04, IJ11 lithographic and etching. can be used touch ♦ IJ12, IJ17, IJ18, IJ20 processes ♦ IJ22, IJ24, IJ27, IJ28 ♦ IJ29, IJ30, IJ31, IJ32 ♦ IJ33, IJ34, IJ36, IJ37 ♦ IJ38, IJ39, IJ40, IJ41 ♦ IJ42, IJ43, IJ44 Monolithic, The nozzle plate is a buried etch stop ♦ High accuracy (<1 μm) ♦ Requires long etch times ♦ IJ03, IJ05, IJ06, IJ07 etched in the wafer. Nozzle chambers are ♦ Monolithic ♦ Requires a support wafer ♦ IJ08, IJ09, IJ10, IJ13 through etched in the front of the wafer, and ♦ Low cost ♦ IJ14, IJ15, IJ16, IJ19 substrate the wafer is thinned from the back ♦ No differential ♦ IJ21, IJ23, IJ25, IJ26 side. Nozzles are then etched in the expansion etch stop layer. No nozzle Various methods have been tried to ♦ No nozzles to ♦ Difficult to control drop ♦ Ricoh 1995 Sekiya plate eliminate the nozzles entirely, to become clogged position accurately et al U.S. Pat. No. prevent nozzle clogging. These ♦ Crosstalk problems 5,412,413 include thermal bubble mechanisms ♦ 1993 Hadimioglu et and acoustic lens mechanisms al EUP 550,192 ♦ 1993 Elrod et al EUP 572,220 Trough Each drop ejector has a trough ♦ Reduced ♦ Drop firing direction is ♦ IJ35 through which a paddle moves. manufacturing sensitive to wicking. There is no nozzle plate. complexity ♦ Monolithic Nozzle slit The elimination of nozzle holes and ♦ No nozzles to ♦ Difficult to control drop position ♦ 1989 Saito et al instead of replacement by a slit encompassing become clogged accurately U.S. Pat. No. individual many actuator positions reduces ♦ Crosstalk problems 4,799,068 nozzles nozzle clogging, but increases crosstalk due to ink surface waves

Description Advantages Disadvantages Examples DROP EJECTION DIRECTION Ejection direction Edge Ink flow is along the surface of the ♦ Simple construction ♦ Nozzles limited to edge ♦ Canon Bubblejet (‘edge chip, and ink drops are ejected from ♦ No silicon etching ♦ High resolution is difficult 1979 Endo et al GB shooter’) the chip edge. required ♦ Fast color printing requires patent 2,007,162 ♦ Good heat sinking one print head per color ♦ Xerox heater-in-pit via substrate 1990 Hawkins et al ♦ Mechanically strong U.S. Pat. No. ♦ Ease of chip handing 4,899,181 ♦ Tone-jet Surface Ink flow is along the surface of the ♦ No bulk silicon ♦ Maximum ink flow is severely ♦ Hewlett-Packard TIJ (‘roof chip, and ink drops are ejected from etching required restricted 1982 Vaught et al shooter’) the chip surface, normal to the plane ♦ Silicon can make U.S. Pat. No. of the chip. an effective heat sink 4,490,728 ♦ Mechanical strength ♦ IJ02, IJ11, IJ12, IJ20 ♦ IJ22 Through chip, Ink flow is through the chip, and ink ♦ High ink flow ♦ Requires bulk silicon etching ♦ Silverbrook, EP 0771 forward drops are ejected from the front ♦ Suitable for 658 A2 and related (‘up shooter’) surface of the chip. pagewidth print patent applications ♦ High nozzle packing ♦ IJ04, IJ17, IJ18, IJ24 density therefore low ♦ IJ27-IJ45 manufacturing cost Through chip, Ink flow is through the chip, and ink ♦ High ink flow ♦ Requires wafer thinning ♦ IJ01, IJ03, IJ05, IJ06 reverse drops are ejected from the rear ♦ Suitable for ♦ Requires special handling during ♦ IJ07, IJ08, IJ09, IJ10 (‘down surface of the chip. pagewidth print manufacture ♦ IJ13, IJ14, IJ15, IJ16 shooter’) ♦ High nozzle packing ♦ IJ19, IJ21, IJ23, IJ25 density therefore low ♦ IJ26 manufacturing cost Through Ink flow is through the actuator, ♦ Suitable for ♦ Pagewidth print heads require ♦ Epson Stylus actuator which is not fabricated as part of the piezoelectric several thousand connections ♦ Tektronix hot melt same substrate as the drive print heads to drive circuits piezoelectric ink jets transistors. ♦ Cannot be manufactured in standard CMOS fabs ♦ Complex assembly required INK TYPE Ink type Aqueous, dye Water based ink which typically ♦ Environmentally ♦ Slow drying ♦ Most existing inkjets contains: water, dye, surfactant, friendly ♦ Corrosive ♦ All IJ series ink jets humectant, and biocide. ♦ No odor ♦ Bleeds on paper ♦ Silverbrook, EP 0771 Modern ink dyes have high water- ♦ May strikethrough 658 A2 and related fastness, light fastness ♦ Cockles paper patent applications Aqueous, Water based ink which typically ♦ Environmentally ♦ Slow drying ♦ IJ02, IJ04, IJ21, IJ26 pigment contains: water, pigment, surfactant, friendly ♦ Corrosive ♦ IJ27, IJ30 humectant, and biocide. ♦ No odor ♦ Pigment may clog nozzles ♦ Silverbrook, EP 0771 Pigments have an advantage in ♦ Reduced bleed ♦ Pigment may clog actuator 658 A2 and related reduced bleed, wicking and ♦ Reduced wicking mechanisms patent applications strikethrough. ♦ Reduced strikethrough ♦ Cockles paper ♦ Piezoelectric ink-jets ♦ Thermal ink jets (with significant restrictions) Methyl Ethyl MEK is a highly volatile solvent ♦ Very fast drying ♦ Odorous ♦ All IJ series ink jets Ketone (MEK) used for industrial printing on ♦ Prints on various ♦ Flammable difficult surfaces such as aluminum substrates such as cans. metals and plastics Alcohol Alcohol based inks can be used ♦ Fast drying ♦ Slight odor ♦ All IJ series ink jets (ethanol, 2- where the printer must operate at ♦ Operates at sub- ♦ Flammable butanol, and temperatures below the freezing freezing temperatures others) point of water. An example of this is ♦ Reduced paper cockle in-camera consumer photographic ♦ Low cost printing. Phase change The ink is solid at room temperature, ♦ No drying time- ♦ High viscosity ♦ Tektronix hot melt (hot melt) and is melted in the print head before ink instantly ♦ Printed ink typically has piezoelectric ink jets jetting. Hot melt inks are usually freezes on the a ‘waxy’ feel ♦ 1989 Nowak wax based, with a melting point print medium ♦ Printed pages may ‘block’ U.S. Pat. No. around 80° C. After jetting the ink ♦ Almost any print ♦ Ink temperature may be 4,820,346 freezes almost instantly upon medium can be used above the curie point of ♦ All IJ series ink jets contacting the print medium or a ♦ No paper cockle permanent magnets transfer roller. occurs ♦ Ink heaters consume power ♦ No wicking occurs ♦ Long warm-up time ♦ No bleed occurs ♦ No strikethrough occurs Oil Oil based inks are extensively used ♦ High solubility ♦ High viscosity: this is a ♦ All IJ series ink jets in offset printing. They have medium for some dyes significant limitation for use in advantages in improved ♦ Does not cockle paper inkjets, which usually require characteristics on paper (especially ♦ Does not wick through a low viscosity. Some short no wicking or cockle). Oil soluble paper chain and multi-branched oils dies and pigments are required. have a sufficiently low viscosity. ♦ Slow drying Microemulsion A microemulsion is a stable, self ♦ Stops ink bleed ♦ Viscosity higher than water ♦ All IJ series ink jets forming emulsion of oil, water, and ♦ High dye solubility ♦ Cost is slightly higher than water surfactant. The characteristic drop ♦ Water, oil, and based ink size is less than 100 nm, and is amphiphilic soluble ♦ High surfactant concentration determined by the preferred dies can be used required (around 5%) curvature of the surfactant. ♦ Can stabilize pigment suspensions

Ink Jet Printing

A large number of new forms of ink jet printers have been developed to facilitate alternative ink jet technologies for the image processing and data distribution system. Various combinations of ink jet devices can be included in printer devices incorporated as part of the present invention. Australian Provisional Patent Applications relating to these ink jets which are specifically incorporated by cross reference include:

Australian Provisional Number Filing Date Title PO8066 July 15, 1997 Image Creation Method and Apparatus (IJ01) PO8072 July 15, 1997 Image Creation Method and Apparatus (IJ02) PO8040 July 15, 1997 Image Creation Method and Apparatus (IJ03) PO8071 July 15, 1997 Image Creation Method and Apparatus (IJ04) PO8047 July 15, 1997 Image Creation Method and Apparatus (IJ05) PO8035 July 15, 1997 Image Creation Method and Apparatus (IJ06) PO8044 July 15, 1997 Image Creation Method and Apparatus (IJ07) PO8063 July 15, 1997 Image Creation Method and Apparatus (IJ08) PO8057 July 15, 1997 Image Creation Method and Apparatus (IJ09) PO8056 July 15, 1997 Image Creation Method and Apparatus (IJ10) PO8069 July 15, 1997 Image Creation Method and Apparatus (IJ11) PO8049 July 15, 1997 Image Creation Method and Apparatus (IJ12) PO8036 July 15, 1997 Image Creation Method and Apparatus (IJ13) PO8048 July 15, 1997 Image Creation Method and Apparatus (IJ14) PO8070 July 15, 1997 Image Creation Method and Apparatus (IJ15) PO8067 July 15, 1997 Image Creation Method and Apparatus (IJ16) PO8001 July 15, 1997 Image Creation Method and Apparatus (IJ17) PO8038 July 15, 1997 Image Creation Method and Apparatus (IJ18) PO8033 July 15, 1997 Image Creation Method and Apparatus (IJ19) PO8002 July 15, 1997 Image Creation Method and Apparatus (IJ20) PO8068 July 15, 1997 Image Creation Method and Apparatus (IJ21) PO8062 July 15, 1997 Image Creation Method and Apparatus (IJ22) PO8034 July 15, 1997 Image Creation Method and Apparatus (IJ23) PO8039 July 15, 1997 Image Creation Method and Apparatus (IJ24) PO8041 July 15, 1997 Image Creation Method and Apparatus (IJ25) PO8004 July 15, 1997 Image Creation Method and Apparatus (IJ26) PO8037 July 15, 1997 Image Creation Method and Apparatus (IJ27) PO8043 July 15, 1997 Image Creation Method and Apparatus (IJ28) PO8042 July 15, 1997 Image Creation Method and Apparatus (IJ29) PO8064 July 15, 1997 Image Creation Method and Apparatus (IJ30) PO9389 Sep. 23, 1997 Image Creation Method and Apparatus (IJ31) PO9391 Sep. 23, 1997 Image Creation Method and Apparatus (IJ32) PP0888 Dec. 12, 1997 Image Creation Method and Apparatus (IJ33) PP0891 Dec. 12, 1997 Image Creation Method and Apparatus (IJ34) PP0890 Dec. 12, 1997 Image Creation Method and Apparatus (IJ35) PP0873 Dec. 12, 1997 Image Creation Method and Apparatus (IJ36) PP0993 Dec. 12, 1997 Image Creation Method and Apparatus (IJ37) PP0890 Dec. 12, 1997 Image Creation Method and Apparatus (IJ38) PP1398 Jan. 19, 1998 An Image Creation Method and Apparatus (IJ39) PP2592 March 25, 1998 An Image Creation Method and Apparatus (IJ40) PP2593 March 25, 1998 Image Creation Method and Apparatus (IJ41) PP3991 June 9, 1998 Image Creation Method and Apparatus (IJ42) PP3987 June 9, 1998 Image Creation Method and Apparatus (IJ43) PP3985 June 9, 1998 Image Creation Method and Apparatus (IJ44) PP3983 June 9, 1998 Image Creation Method and Apparatus (IJ45)

Ink Jet Manufacturing

Further, the present application may utilize advanced semiconductor fabrication techniques in the construction of large arrays of ink jet printers. Suitable manufacturing techniques are described in the following Australian provisional patent specifications incorporated here by cross-reference:

Australian Provisional Number Filing Date Title PO7935 July 15, 1997 A Method of Manufacture of an Image Creation Apparatus (IJM01) PO7936 July 15, 1997 A Method of Manufacture of an Image Creation Apparatus (IJM02) PO7937 July 15, 1997 A Method of Manufacture of an Image Creation Apparatus (IJM03) PO8061 July 15, 1997 A Method of Manufacture of an Image Creation Apparatus (IJM04) PO8054 July 15, 1997 A Method of Manufacture of an Image Creation Apparatus (IJM05) PO8065 July 15, 1997 A Method of Manufacture of an Image Creation Apparatus (IJM06) PO8055 July 15, 1997 A Method of Manufacture of an Image Creation Apparatus (IJM07) PO8053 July 15, 1997 A Method of Manufacture of an Image Creation Apparatus (IJM08) PO8078 July 15, 1997 A Method of Manufacture of an Image Creation Apparatus (IJM09) PO7933 July 15, 1997 A Method of Manufacture of an Image Creation Apparatus (IJM10) PO7950 July 15, 1997 A Method of Manufacture of an Image Creation Apparatus (IJM11) PO7949 July 15, 1997 A Method of Manufacture of an Image Creation Apparatus (IJM12) PO8060 July 15, 1997 A Method of Manufacture of an Image Creation Apparatus (IJM13) PO8059 July 15, 1997 A Method of Manufacture of an Image Creation Apparatus (IJM14) PO8073 July 15, 1997 A Method of Manufacture of an Image Creation Apparatus (IJM15) PO8076 July 15, 1997 A Method of Manufacture of an Image Creation Apparatus (IJM16) PO8075 July 15, 1997 A Method of Manufacture of an Image Creation Apparatus (IJM17) PO8079 July 15, 1997 A Method of Manufacture of an Image Creation Apparatus (IJM18) PO8050 July 15, 1997 A Method of Manufacture of an Image Creation Apparatus (IJM19) PO8052 July 15, 1997 A Method of Manufacture of an Image Creation Apparatus (IJM20) PO7948 July 15, 1997 A Method of Manufacture of an Image Creation Apparatus (IJM21) PO7951 July 15, 1997 A Method of Manufacture of an Image Creation Apparatus (IJM22) PO8074 July 15, 1997 A Method of Manufacture of an Image Creation Apparatus (IJM23) PO7941 July 15, 1997 A Method of Manufacture of an Image Creation Apparatus (IJM24) PO8077 July 15, 1997 A Method of Manufacture of an Image Creation Apparatus (IJM25) PO8058 July 15, 1997 A Method of Manufacture of an Image Creation Apparatus (IJM26) PO8051 July 15, 1997 A Method of Manufacture of an Image Creation Apparatus (IJM27) PO8045 July 15, 1997 A Method of Manufacture of an Image Creation Apparatus (IJM28) PO7952 July 15, 1997 A Method of Manufacture of an Image Creation Apparatus (IJM29) PO8046 July 15, 1997 A Method of Manufacture of an Image Creation Apparatus (IJM30) PO8503 Aug. 11, 1997 A Method of Manufacture of an Image Creation Apparatus (IJM30a) PO9390 Sep. 23, 1997 A Method of Manufacture of an Image Creation Apparatus (IJM31) PO9392 Sep. 23, 1997 A Method of Manufacture of an Image Creation Apparatus (IJM32) PP0889 Dec. 12, 1997 A Method of Manufacture of an Image Creation Apparatus (IJM35) PP0887 Dec. 12, 1997 A Method of Manufacture of an Image Creation Apparatus (IJM36) PP0882 Dec. 12, 1997 A Method of Manufacture of an Image Creation Apparatus (IJM37) PP0874 Dec. 12, 1997 A Method of Manufacture of an Image Creation Apparatus (IJM38) PP1396 Jan. 19, 1998 A Method of Manufacture of an Image Creation Apparatus (IJM39) PP2591 March 25, 1998 A Method of Manufacture of an Image Creation Apparatus (IJM41) PP3989 June 9, 1998 A Method of Manufacture of an Image Creation Apparatus (IJM40) PP3990 June 9, 1998 A Method of Manufacture of an Image Creation Apparatus (IJM42) PP3986 June 9, 1998 A Method of Manufacture of an Image Creation Apparatus (IJM43) PP3984 June 9, 1998 A Method of Manufacture of an Image Creation Apparatus (IJM44) PP3982 June 9, 1998 A Method of Manufacture of an Image Creation Apparatus (IJM45)

Fluid Supply

Further, the present application may utilize an ink delivery system to the ink jet head. Delivery systems relating to the supply of ink to a series of ink jet nozzles are described in the following Australian provisional patent specifications, the disclosure of which are hereby incorporated by cross-reference:

Australian Provisional Number Filing Date Title PO8003 15-Jul-97 Supply Method and Apparatus (F1) PO8005 15-Jul-97 Supply Method and Apparatus (F2) PO9404 23-Sep-97 A Device and Method (F3)

MEMS Technology

Further, the present application may utilize advanced semiconductor microelectromechanical techniques in the construction of large arrays of ink jet printers. Suitable microelectromechanical techniques are described in the following Australian provisional patent specifications incorporated here by cross-reference:

Australian Provisional Number Filing Date Title PO7943 15-Jul-97 A device (MEMS01) PO8006 15-Jul-97 A device (MEMS02) PO8007 15-Jul-97 A device (MEMS03) PO8008 15-Jul-97 A device (MEMS04) PO8010 15-Jul-97 A device (MEMS05) PO8011 15-Jul-97 A device (MEMS06) PO7947 15-Jul-97 A device (MEMS07) PO7945 15-Jul-97 A device (MEMS08) PO7944 15-Jul-97 A device (MEMS09) PO7946 15-Jul-97 A device (MEMS10) PO9393 23-Sep-97 A Device and Method (MEMS11) PP0875 12-Dec-97 A Device (MEMS12) PP0894 12-Dec-97 A Device and Method (MEMS13)

IR Technologies

Further, the present application may include the utilization of a disposable camera system such as those described in the following Australian provisional patent specifications incorporated here by cross-reference:

Australian Provisional Number Filing Date Title PP0895 12-Dec-97 An Image Creation Method and Apparatus (IR01) PP0870 12-Dec-97 A Device and Method (IR02) PP0869 12-Dec-97 A Device and Method (IR04) PP0887 12-Dec-97 Image Creation Method and Apparatus (IR05) PP0885 12-Dec-97 An Image Production System (IR06) PP0884 12-Dec-97 Image Creation Method and Apparatus (IR10) PP0886 12-Dec-97 Image Creation Method and Apparatus (IR12) PP0871 12-Dec-97 A Device and Method (IR13) PP0876 12-Dec-97 An Image Processing Method and Apparatus (IR14) PP0877 12-Dec-97 A Device and Method (IR16) PP0878 12-Dec-97 A Device and Method (IR17) PP0879 12-Dec-97 A Device and Method (IR18) PP0883 12-Dec-97 A Device and Method (IR19) PP0880 12-Dec-97 A Device and Method (IR20) PP0881 12-Dec-97 A Device and Method (IR21)

DotCard Technologies

Further, the present application may include the utilization of a data distribution system such as that described in the following Australian provisional patent specifications incorporated here by cross-reference:

Australian Provisional Number Filing Date Title PP2370 16-Mar-98 Data Processing Method and Apparatus (Dot01) PP2371 16-Mar-98 Data Processing Method and Apparatus (Dot02)

Artcam Technologies

Further, the present application may include the utilization of camera and data processing techniques such as an Artcam type device as described in the following Australian provisional patent specifications incorporated here by cross-reference:

Australian Provisional Number Filing Date Title PO7991 July 15, 1997 Image Processing Method and Apparatus (ART01) PO8505 Aug. 11, 1997 Image Processing Method and Apparatus (ART01a) PO7988 July 15, 1997 Image Processing Method and Apparatus (ART02) PO7993 July 15, 1997 Image Processing Method and Apparatus (ART03) PO8012 July 15, 1997 Image Processing Method and Apparatus (ART05) PO8017 July 15, 1997 Image Processing Method and Apparatus (ART06) PO8014 July 15, 1997 Media Device (ART07) PO8025 July 15, 1997 Image Processing Method and Apparatus (ART08) PO8032 July 15, 1997 Image Processing Method and Apparatus (ART09) PO7999 July 15, 1997 Image Processing Method and Apparatus (ART10) PO7998 July 15, 1997 Image Processing Method and Apparatus (ART11) PO8031 July 15, 1997 Image Processing Method and Apparatus (ART12) PO8030 July 15, 1997 Media Device (ART13) PO8498 Aug. 11, 1997 Image Processing Method and Apparatus (ART14) PO7997 July 15, 1997 Media Device (ART15) PO7979 July 15, 1997 Media Device (ART16) PO8015 July 15, 1997 Media Device (ART17) PO7978 July 15, 1997 Media Device (ART18) PO7982 July 15, 1997 Data Processing Method and Apparatus (ART19) PO7989 July 15, 1997 Data Processing Method and Apparatus (ART20) PO8019 July 15, 1997 Media Processing Method and Apparatus (ART21) PO7980 July 15, 1997 Image Processing Method and Apparatus (ART22) PO7942 July 15, 1997 Image Processing Method and Apparatus (ART23) PO8018 July 15, 1997 Image Processing Method and Apparatus (ART24) PO7938 July 15, 1997 Image Processing Method and Apparatus (ART25) PO8016 July 15, 1997 Image Processing Method and Apparatus (ART26) PO8024 July 15, 1997 Image Processing Method and Apparatus (ART27) PO7940 July 15, 1997 Data Processing Method and Apparatus (ART28) PO7939 July 15, 1997 Data Processing Method and Apparatus (ART29) PO8501 Aug. 11, 1997 Image Processing Method and Apparatus (ART30) PO8500 Aug. 11, 1997 Image Processing Method and Apparatus (ART31) PO7987 July 15, 1997 Data Processing Method and Apparatus (ART32) PO8022 July 15, 1997 Image Processing Method and Apparatus (ART33) PO8497 Aug. 11, 1997 Image Processing Method and Apparatus (ART30) PO8029 July 15, 1997 Sensor Creation Method and Apparatus (ART36) PO7985 July 15, 1997 Data Processing Method and Apparatus (ART37) PO8020 July 15, 1997 Data Processing Method and Apparatus (ART38) PO8023 July 15, 1997 Data Processing Method and Apparatus (ART39) PO9395 Sep. 23, 1997 Data Processing Method and Apparatus (ART4) PO8021 July 15, 1997 Data Processing Method and Apparatus (ART40) PO8504 Aug. 11, 1997 Image Processing Method and Apparatus (ART42) PO8000 July 15, 1997 Data Processing Method and Apparatus (ART43) PO7977 July 15, 1997 Data Processing Method and Apparatus (ART44) PO7934 July 15, 1997 Data Processing Method and Apparatus (ART45) PO7990 July 15, 1997 Data Processing Method and Apparatus (ART46) PO8499 Aug. 11, 1997 Image Processing Method and Apparatus (ART47) PO8502 Aug. 11, 1997 Image Processing Method and Apparatus (ART48) PO7981 July 15, 1997 Data Processing Method and Apparatus (ART50) PO7986 July 15, 1997 Data Processing Method and Apparatus (ART51) PO7983 July 15, 1997 Data Processing Method and Apparatus (ART52) PO8026 July 15, 1997 Image Processing Method and Apparatus (ART53) PO8027 July 15, 1997 Image Processing Method and Apparatus (ART54) PO8028 July 15, 1997 Image Processing Method and Apparatus (ART56) PO9394 Sep. 23, 1997 Image Processing Method and Apparatus (ART57) PO9396 Sep. 23, 1997 Data Processing Method and Apparatus (ART58) PO9397 Sep. 23, 1997 Data Processing Method and Apparatus (ART59) PO9398 Sep. 23, 1997 Data Processing Method and Apparatus (ART60) PO9399 Sep. 23, 1997 Data Processing Method and Apparatus (ART61) PO9400 Sep. 23, 1997 Data Processing Method and Apparatus (ART62) PO9401 Sep. 23, 1997 Data Processing Method and Apparatus (ART63) PO9402 Sep. 23, 1997 Data Processing Method and Apparatus (ART64) PO9403 Sep. 23, 1997 Data Processing Method and Apparatus (ART65) PO9405 Sep. 23, 1997 Data Processing Method and Apparatus (ART66) PP0959 Dec. 16, 1997 A Data Processing Method and Apparatus (ART68) PP1397 Jan. 19, 1998 A Media Device (ART69) 

We claim:
 1. A method of automatically manipulating an input image to produce an artistic effect, the method comprising: predetermining a mapping of an input color gamut to a desired output color gamut so as to produce an artistic effect, said desired output color gamut being constructed from at least one sample image different to said input image; and utilising the mapping to map the input image to an output image having a predetermined output color gamut.
 2. A method as claimed in claim 1 wherein the desired output gamut is constructed by mapping a predetermined number of input gamut values obtained from said at least one sample image to output color gamut values and mapping a remainder of input gamut values to output color gamut values by interpolation.
 3. A method as claimed in claim 2 wherein the interpolation process includes utilising a weighted sum of the mapping of a predetermined number of input gamut values to corresponding output colour gamut values.
 4. A method according to claim 1, wherein construction of said desired output gamut comprises scanning the sample image to build a histogram of colors.
 5. A method according to claim 4, wherein construction of said desired output gamut further comprises mapping to compensate for a scanning device color gamut.
 6. A method according to claim 5, wherein construction of said desired output gamut further comprises mapping to compensate for a printing device color gamut. 